Lone Parenting Social

Lone Parenting Social Definition The issue of lone parenting is quite clearly one that is of significant importance and impact in the modern social context. It is also one that has different viewpoints, which are important to recognise in the context of this report. While the actual term of ‘lone parenting is a given, it is important to understand the various views which are taken in order to address this problem. For example, ‘New Labours social policy towards lone parents is generally governed by the attitudes epitomised in the mantras â€Å"reforming welfare around the work ethic† and funding a system that â€Å"believes in empowerment not dependency† (Millar and Rowlingson, 2001, p xv). This quite obviously conflicts with the view which was held by previous governments, which is said to maintain the view that poverty is â€Å"relieved by cash handouts† (DSS, 1998, p 19). It is also said that the differences between these two viewpoints epitomises the differing views of ‘old Labour and ‘new Labour (Millar and Rowlingson, 2001, p xv), and also highlights the shift between the welfare state policy to a more capitalist approach to addressing the lone parenting issue. Main Issues Given the discussion of the United Kingdoms approach to lone parenting, it might be relevant to compare these provisions with those of other jurisdictions. Take, for example, New Zealand which categorises ‘solo parents as: (a) A woman who is the mother of one or more dependent children and who is living apart from, and has lost the support of, or is being inadequately maintained by, her husband: (b) An unmarried woman who is the mother of one or more dependent children: (c) A woman whose marriage has been dissolved by divorce and who is the mother of one or more dependent children: (e) A woman who is the mother of one or more dependent children and who has lost the regular support of her husband because he is subject to a sentence of imprisonment and is- (i) serving the sentence in a penal institution; or (ii) subject to release conditions or detention conditions (as those terms are defined in section 4(1) of the Parole Act 2002) that prevent him undertaking employment: (f) A man who is the father of one or more dependent children whose mother is dead or who for any other reason are not being cared for by their mother (Social Security Act 1964 (NZ), s 27B(1)). Arguably, in consideration of the above, it is clear that the New Zealand social security system is geared more towards caring for a woman who may be a lone parent, as opposed to a father. It might also be noted, however, that social security benefits are only paid to lone parents in New Zealand if the parent is of the minimum age of sixteen (16) years, unless emergency circumstances exist (Social Security Act 1964 (NZ), s 27B(2)). Compare this situation to that across the Tasman Sea in Australia, where the Australian Bureau of Statistics has recorded a three-fold increase in lone parenting families in the last thirty (30) years, from 7.1% in 1969 to 21.4% in 1999 (ABS census). However given this increase, it might also be worthwhile to note that lone parenting in Australia remains at lower levels than other English-speaking countries, but still higher than some countries in continental Europe (Millar and Rowlingson, 2001, p 61). Further to this, it has generally been the attitude of Australian governments to extend social security benefits to all classes of lone parenting families, irrespective of the cause of the lone parenting situation (Millar and Rowlingson, 2001, p 65). Around 47% of lone mothers were employed in 1999 and around 63% of lone fathers, and approximately 9% of both lone mothers and lone fathers were unemployed (ABS, June 1999). This perhaps symbolises a non-dependency on the welfare system, a nd that lone parents in Australia generally try to work at least part-time to supplement their welfare incomes and provide for their family. Key Dilemmas The key dilemma that has been the recurring theme throughout this paper is the need to balance income support and welfare with the need for non-dependence on the welfare system. There is a conscientious push by governments in the above countries to not encourage reliance upon welfare handouts and to push these people to seek active employment, but also recognises the various situations of lone parents who may be unable to work full time for any number of reasons. The United Kingdom obviously recognises this problem in a social context, and took steps to address it though social policy reform. Some say that this was a more ‘heavy handed approach to the social problem, and this argument may have some merit given the approaches of other countries. New Zealand prescribes certain circumstances where welfare can be paid, and Australia has a more liberal approach to the welfare system, however all of these approaches seem to function appropriately in their individual contexts. Conclusion In consideration of the above points, it is quite clear that lone parents are a significant social problem. However, the more prominent problem is that of how to address the issue. It is quite clear that the United Kingdom has a more recent history of reforming social policy on this issue and limiting the distribution of welfare benefits. Is this the most appropriate course of action? Some would suggest no, given the experience of other countries. However, regard needs to be had for the statistics: approximately one in four of Britains seven million families are headed by a lone parent, and less than four in ten lone parents in Britain work full time (which is a piecemeal 16 hours a week statistically) (Millar and Rowlingson, 2001, p 11). This only serves to fuel the debate further, and one needs to consider the legislative and policy-based approach of the United Kingdom in context before judgement on this issue can be passed. Bibliography Books Millar, J., and Rowlingson, K. (eds), Lone Parents, Employment and Social Policy (2001), Bristol: The Policy Press Journal Articles Hughes, J., ‘Lone Parents and Social Security (2005) 36 Victoria University Wellington Law Review 1 Soley, C., ‘Lessons of the Lone Parenting Battle (1997) 126 New Statesman. Legislation Social Security Act 1965 (NZ) Social Security Act 1991 (AU, Cth) Other Sources Australian Bureau of Statistics, June 1999 Australian Bureau of Statistics, census 1969 and 1999 DPI, census 1999

Managing Multinational Strategic Alliances of Airlines

The study will be performed using qualitative and quantitative methods using structured interviews and survey instruments. Redshaw (2007) reiterates that not all questions are theory based. She further argues that quite concrete practical questions can be addressed without placing the study in one of the theoretical frameworks and the methods of qualitative enquiry stand on their own as reasonable ways of fining what is happening in human settings. Carnall (1990) has pointed out that quantitative analysis is more likely to be secondary and exploratory (or descriptive) in nature, summarising data in the form of charts, tables, percentages and averages. Diefenbach (2007) has suggested that when a survey is carried out, the data obtained would mostly be categorical, hence is likely to be ranked across a scale. This data might be represented in terms of frequency, central tendency or dispersion. It is highly unlikely the research might require the necessity of inferential data analysis. The survey instruments included multiple sets of Questionnaire and these can be regarded more as quantitative research. As suggested by Bordens (et all, 2005), a properly designed instrument allows for the research to be valid, reliable and accurate. According to Bordens, questionnaire is used in instances where a general interrelation between different variables is studied, ‘in situ’, meaning that there is no attempt to find out how changing one variable would effect the other. The questionnaires are of multiple-choice questions and scoring has been done as per the Liker 5 point scale. Please refer to Appendix. Table 1. Scoring System for Questionnaire 1  Ã‚   (Trochim, 2006). For the study, a number of primary and secondary sources have been used and these include published literature, websites, company financial reports, interviews with key people and others. Respondents for the survey would be identified as per their role and job functions. References Bordens, Kenneth S., & Abbott, B. (2005). Research design and methods: a process approach. (6th ed.). New York; McGraw-Hill Carnall, C A (1990) Managing Change in Organizations, Prentice Hall, London Diefenbach Thomas (2007), The managerialistic ideology of organisational change management, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20 (1), pp: 126-137 Redshaw Sue, Mandable Terence E, (July 2007), Managing the people side of major change at WMATA, Journal of Strategic Communication Management, Volume 11, Issue 4, pp: 28-32 Trochim William M.K. (2006). Liker Scaling. Retrieved 17 January 2008 from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/scallik.php                           

Sex Trafficking; Modern Day Slavery

eSasha Gibson Kristy Weiberg English Comp II December 10, 2010 Sex-Trafficking: Modern Day Slavery Human trafficking in the United States is a reality. What have in do the things child labor, forced sex, forced marriage, and forced labor have in common? The first words that come to mind are Human Trafficking, a modern day form of slavery. Terrible activities of human trafficking are happening in several countries around the world. However, this kind of activity also happens in industrialized countries.According to the department of state of the United States of America government, human trafficking also happens inside the walls of United States. As claimed by the Polaris Project, â€Å"an estimated 17,500 foreign nationals are trafficked annually in the United States alone. The number of US citizens trafficked within the country is even higher. An estimated 200,000 american children are at high risk of trafficking into the sex industry each year. † And the biggest human traffi cking in the US (domestic and transnational trafficking brought into the US) is sex trafficking.But, why is this modern slavery happening, even in the most industrialized countries, like the United States? The prinicpal reasons most people will think is poverty and inquity. However, according to the Polaris Project even if these reason are good driving forces, they aren’t the prinicipal reasons why human trafficking does happen. There’s a market for modern slavery, and this market is lucrative. Also, there’s no real danger of prosecution for the traffickers.Even if human trafficking is present inside the United States, the US government has created a series of laws, to comply to the minumim of requirements for the elimination of trafficking. Aggressive laws against human trafficking continue to be voted by the Congress, like the new law against sexual explotation of children by sex traffickers. This law will give a supplement of 45 million dollars to law enforce ment and victim-assistance effort. In prevention, the United States does try to cut n commerical sex and cheap labor, to cut the grass under the feet of human traffickers, as well as they do law enforcement in critical industry areas, and finally to educate the public. However, even if these measures are really important and efficient the problem continues to strike. As long as there is a demand, and the demand is global, human trafficking will continue. According to the U. S Department of Health and Human Services, there are many emotional, physical and psychological repercussions due to the sex slave trade.Children as young as six years old are being trafficked on a daily basis. Young girls are being made to do 10-20 â€Å"tricks† a day. Many will never be able to have children because of the extensive damage to their vaginal areas. Disease is also a common factor. Sexually transmitted diseases run rampant in the sex slave trade. Girls as young as six years old have herpes, syphilis, HIV, among other diseases. Many are used until it is discovered they have HIV and become to sick with the disease to work any longer.Then are released and thrown into the streets. According to CBS News, poverty stricken families in third world countries will sometimes drastic measures to prevent starvation, even sell their young children for sex. Thousands of children every year are sold into the sex slave trade by parents or other family members. Family members have stated that they had no choice, some of them had no other means of getting food for their children. The United States is the lowest ranked human trafficking country in the world, for now.The sex slave trade is growing all over the world and the U. S is no different. Thousands of sex slaves are trafficked into the U. S every year and that number is growing according to the U. S Department of Education. Although the problem with the sex trade seems too big for anyone to make a real difference, there are many or ganizations out there who are offering hope to these victims, such as Abolish Slavery and Not For Sale. These organizations are dedicated to ending the sex slave trade all over the orld. Their belief is that if we band together and stand up for what is right, the sex slave trade will be abolished.Works Cited Gore, Martha R. â€Å"Sex Trafficking in the United States: Enslavement into Prostitution A Billion Dollar Growing Industry. † Suite101. com: Online Magazine and Writers' Network. Martha R Gore, 28 Dec. 2008. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. http://www. suite101. com/content/human-trafficking-in-the-united-states-a86817. Gagnon, Donald. The Reality of Human Trafficking in the United States. † Suite101. com: Online Magazine and Writers' Network. Donald Gagnon, 29 June 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. http://www. suite101. com/content/the-reality-of-human-trafficking-in-the-united-states-a253902. â€Å"Human Trafficking of Children in the United States-A Fact Sheet for Schools. † U. S. Department of Education. U. S. Department of Education, 10 Sept. 2009. Web. 10 Dec. 2010. http://www2. ed. gov/about/offices/list/osdfs/factsheet. html.

Patent and IPR Solutions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1155 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Patent and IPR Solutions We offer a whole gamut of Patent and IPR services tailored according to the specific needs of Corporates, lawfirms, Universities, SMEs, Individual inventors and Research (either this should show the complete sentence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ research scientistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or stop at inventors). Patent Research Our approach has been carefully shaped to take advantage of our unique combination of strategic insight, deep industry expertise and technology. /Patent and IPR Solutions/Patent Research/ Patentability Search Our patentability searches helps in assessing the likelihood for securing patent protection for your inventive idea. Our patentability search involves searching the prior art, which includes published patent applications, issued patents, and any other published documents in light of your invention, with the aim of determining whether your patent application is worth pursuing based on the patentability aspects of th e inventive concept. The basic purpose of a patentability search is to better assess the likelihood of securing patent protection for an invention. This search answers the questions like your idea is truly novel or not, has it already been patented, has it been anticipated or rendered obvious.Since the cost of preparing, filing and prosecuting or attempting to prosecute a patent application is substantial, the search suggests will it be worth the cost to file a patent at all for the idea and will it be worth the effort and expense to fully develop and market your concept. This search not only makes the application process easier but also helps to strengthen the invention against issues of validity.The search report includes relevant patent and non-patent prior art references listed in a comprehensive manner. Patent search is conducted using public and subscribed patent databases that cover patents from around the globe. Non-patent literature search is conducted in the relevant technology domain using scientific databases. Patent and IPR Solutions/Patent Research/ State-of-art Search Our prior art searches will help you to make informed decision in relation to your patent strategies. Our State of the Art Search is designed to provide up-to-date information and progress in a specific technical field. It is the broadest of all patent searches which also provides an overall perspective of a particular technical field and is typically conducted prior to making a patent application, or prior to amendment of an existing patent application. This search involves a comprehensive review of all patent and non-patent literature thereby allowing client to update with the state of the art that exists already in a particular technology and then to build on it. It will also allow a company to spot new competitors and to identify new technological trends. Our State of the art search will help in making informed decisions in determining the direction for steeri ng the RD and prior to making further investments, mergers and acquisitions. Our state of art searches will also help you to make informed decisions, before incurring additional costs in relation to your patent strategies. This search includes all issued patent, published patents and other publications. Patent and IPR Solutions/Patent Research/ Validation / Invalidation Study Our validity/invalidity searches help you in validating the enforceability of claims or to invalidate the claims of an allegedly infringed patent. Validity /Invalidity Study are executed post issuances i.e. grant of patent We run an exhaustive prior art search on the claims features. The purpose of the validity/invalidity search is either to validate the enforceability of a patentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claims or to invalidate one or more claims of a patent respectively. These two searches are identical except for the desired outcome (valid or invalid patent claims) of the search. The search is restr icted to a cut-off date determined from the priority date of the target patent. This is an extensive search of patents, technical publications and/or any other available written materials that may be relevant to the patented invention. All publicly available documents or evidence of public disclosure prior to the filing of the target patent are analyzed. A validity search is requested even when no lawsuit has been filed, to identify potential attackers and/or references that challenge the presumption of validity of a subject patent.This study is helpful in determining the validity of a patentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claims prior to licensing agreement, royalty negotiations and patent valuations. Invalidity study is mainly used as a defensive tool against alleged infringement by invalidating claims of the infringed patent. Patent and IPR Solutions/Patent Research/ Infringement Study Our Infringement study helps in estimating the risk of patent infringement before developing, prod ucing, and marketing your product. Einfolge Technologies provides Patent Infringement Searches to locate any unexpired patents whose claims read on the product features.The goal of this study is to uncover patents with claims that could represent an infringement risk to a new product, and the search should take place before the product is released to market. 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We identify published applications and unexpired patents (in a specific jurisdiction or worldwide) containing claims that could possibly indicate a risk of infringement by an inventive product or process of the client. The product/process features are mapped against the claim features of relevant patent references that are in-force in order to determine the degree of freedom to operate without infringing on existing patents. /Patent and IPR Solutions/Patent Research/ Accelerated Examination Search Our approach has been carefully shaped to take advantage of our unique combination of strategic insight, deep industry expertise and technology. We provide pre-examination searches as per the guidelines of the USPTOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Accelerated Examination Program.An Accelerated Examination requires the applicant to submit a pre-examination search document (PESD) and an accelerated examination support document (AESD) to illustrate how the claims of an application are allowable over known related art. We search in all the prescribed resources and our report comprises all search related information in accordance with USPTO requirements, and organize our deliverable for easy review and ensures fast and affirmative response from the patent examinerprosecuting your application. This search helps in significantly reducing the total cost and time frame for obtaining a patent. The accelerated examination search also proved to be useful for technologies with short lifetime, rapidly growing portfolios and to get coverage in a new technology in time to establish a position. Don’t waste time! 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